1.2. Periodic Table
1.3. Atomic Structure
BONDING
2.2 Properties of Chemical Bonding CLICK HERE TO VIEW SHELF STORAGE PATTERN (INORGANICS), CHEMISTRY
2- Fehling's Solution ( A ) (Blue Colour Solution) Dissolve 34.6 gram of pure CuSo4 (Copper Sulphate) in distilled water and dilute to 500 ml.
3- Fehling's Solution ( b ) (Colourless) Dissolve 173 gram of Sodium Potassium Tartrate ( Rochelle Salt ) and 50 grams of pure NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide in distilled water. Then dilute to 500 ml. Usage of Fehling's Solutions: Mix equal volumes (amount in milliliters/ centimeter cube) of Solution A and B just before use.
4- Ferric Chloride Solution Dissolve 135 grams of hydrated FeCl3 ( Ferric Chloride ) in 1 litre of distilled water containing 20 ml of concentrated HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)
5-Iodine Solution ( Market Name PYODINE ) ( Being highly volatile potency may vary) Precautions: Do not let students to prepare this solution on their own unless strictly supervised and watched by a professional. Do not use ordinary flasks but only use special iodine flasks during preparation. Dissolve 12.7 grams of solid Iodine crystals, in a freshly prepared solution of 20 gram Potassium Iodide in 30 ml of distilled water, then dilute to 1 liter with distilled water. (Note: this solution could be applied on minor wounds).
6- Litmus Solution Dissolve 10 grams of powdered litmus in 100 ml of hot distilled water, keep it overnight, Filter and make up the solution to 150 ml.
7- Methyl Orange Dissolve only 1 (one) gram (accurately measured) in Exact one litre of distilled water.
8- Methyl Red Dissolve exactly 0.1 gm methyl red powder in 19 ml of dilute (N/50) NaOH and dilute it to 250 ml.
9- Nestler's Reagent Solution A: Dissolve 10 grams of Potassium Iodide in 10 ml of water (i.e., solution A). Solution B: Dissolve 6 grams of Mercury (II) Chloride in 100 ml of water (i.e., Solution B) Solution C: Dissolve 45 grams of KOH (Potassium Hydroxide) in water and dilute it to 80 ml (i.e., Solution C). Usage: Add Solution B to A dropwise until a slight permanent precipitate is formed, now add solution C mix and dilute. Keep it to stand overnight before use.
10- Ninhydrin Reagent: Dissolve 0.25 gm of salt in 100 ml of Ethanol or distilled water. Note: For preparing reagents always use De-ionized (De-ionised / Distilled) water. Tap water will not be a good choice.
LIST AND PREPARATION OF LABORATORY REAGENTS This section answers you about how you can prepare reagents.
1- AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE Chemicals Required: Ammonium Molybdate, Distilled Water, Stirrer, Nitric Acid (200ml Nitric Acid in 300ml Deionized Water) First of all dissolve 75gm of Ammonium Molybdate in 500ml of distilled water and add it slowly with constant stirring to 500 ml of dilute Nitric Acid (200ml Nitric Acid in 300ml distilled Water).2- Fehling's Solution ( A ) (Blue Colour Solution) Dissolve 34.6 gram of pure CuSo4 (Copper Sulphate) in distilled water and dilute to 500 ml.
3- Fehling's Solution ( b ) (Colourless) Dissolve 173 gram of Sodium Potassium Tartrate ( Rochelle Salt ) and 50 grams of pure NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide in distilled water. Then dilute to 500 ml. Usage of Fehling's Solutions: Mix equal volumes (amount in milliliters/ centimeter cube) of Solution A and B just before use.
4- Ferric Chloride Solution Dissolve 135 grams of hydrated FeCl3 ( Ferric Chloride ) in 1 litre of distilled water containing 20 ml of concentrated HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)
5-Iodine Solution ( Market Name PYODINE ) ( Being highly volatile potency may vary) Precautions: Do not let students to prepare this solution on their own unless strictly supervised and watched by a professional. Do not use ordinary flasks but only use special iodine flasks during preparation. Dissolve 12.7 grams of solid Iodine crystals, in a freshly prepared solution of 20 gram Potassium Iodide in 30 ml of distilled water, then dilute to 1 liter with distilled water. (Note: this solution could be applied on minor wounds).
6- Litmus Solution Dissolve 10 grams of powdered litmus in 100 ml of hot distilled water, keep it overnight, Filter and make up the solution to 150 ml.
7- Methyl Orange Dissolve only 1 (one) gram (accurately measured) in Exact one litre of distilled water.
8- Methyl Red Dissolve exactly 0.1 gm methyl red powder in 19 ml of dilute (N/50) NaOH and dilute it to 250 ml.
9- Nestler's Reagent Solution A: Dissolve 10 grams of Potassium Iodide in 10 ml of water (i.e., solution A). Solution B: Dissolve 6 grams of Mercury (II) Chloride in 100 ml of water (i.e., Solution B) Solution C: Dissolve 45 grams of KOH (Potassium Hydroxide) in water and dilute it to 80 ml (i.e., Solution C). Usage: Add Solution B to A dropwise until a slight permanent precipitate is formed, now add solution C mix and dilute. Keep it to stand overnight before use.
10- Ninhydrin Reagent: Dissolve 0.25 gm of salt in 100 ml of Ethanol or distilled water. Note: For preparing reagents always use De-ionized (De-ionised / Distilled) water. Tap water will not be a good choice.
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